Frogs and Feeling Communities:A Study in History of Emotions and Environmental History

This article offers an overview of some approaches from the history of emotions that environmental historians could employ in order to sharpen engagement with emotion, and applies some of these approaches to a long history of human–frog interactions, by way of example. We propose that emotions have played a key role in the constitution of human communities, as well as enabling or inhibiting particular kinds of human thoughts and actions in relation with the living planet. In tracing human–frog relations over time we tease apart the complex historic relationships between cultural frameworks, scientific expectations and conventions, and the texts and images emerging from these contexts, which operate explicitly or implicitly to train and discipline the emotional selves of human adults and children

1,4-Diazo­niabicyclo­[2.2.2]octane bis­(2-chloro­benzoate)

The title compound, C6H14N2 2+·2C7H4ClO2 −, contains trimeric units linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The carboxyl­ate groups of the 2-chloro­benzoate anions form dihedral angles of 66.1 (1) and 76.1 (1)° with the respective chloro­benzene rings to which they are bound. The hydrogen-bonded trimers are arranged in layers in the (200) planes and the chloro­benzoate anions form edge-to-face inter­actions between layers, with dihedral angles of 61.9 (1) and 49.8 (1)° and centroid–centroid distances of 4.85 (1) and 4.65 (1) Å, respectively, for two crystallographically distinct inter­actions

Demand-Side Threats to Power Grid Operations from IoT-Enabled Edge

The growing adoption of Internet-of-Things (IoT)-enabled energy smart appliances (ESAs) at the consumer end, such as smart heat pumps, electric vehicle chargers, etc., is seen as key to enabling demand-side response (DSR) services. However, these smart appliances are often poorly engineered from a security point of view and present a new threat to power grid operations. They may become convenient entry points for malicious parties to gain access to the system and disrupt important grid operations by abruptly changing the demand. Unlike utility-side and SCADA assets, ESAs are not monitored continuously due to their large numbers and the lack of extensive monitoring infrastructure at consumer sites. This article presents an in-depth analysis of the demand side threats to power grid operations including (i) an overview of the vulnerabilities in ESAs and the wider risk from the DSR ecosystem and (ii) key factors influencing the attack impact on power grid operations. Finally, it presents measures to improve the cyber-physical resilience of power grids, putting them in the context of ongoing efforts from the industry and regulatory bodies worldwide

Bis[4-(dimethyl­amino)phen­yl]diazene oxide

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C16H20N4O, contains six independent approximately planar mol­ecules and is best described as a commensurate modulation of a P21/c parent. Two sets of disordered mol­ecules share almost the same locations (related by an in-plane translation), ensuring that the c-glide plane condition is not attained. C—H⋯O inter­actions provide structural cohesion. The site occupancy factors of the disordered molecules are ca 0.72/0.28 and 0.67/0.33

N-(Trimethyl­sil­yl)methane­sulfonamide

There are two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C4H13NO2SSi. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [001]. The crystal studied was an inversion twin, the refined ratio of twin domains being 0.61 (9):0.39 (9)

2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-benzoyl-4-nitro­phenyl-1-thio-α-d-mannopyran­oside–dichloro­methane–diethyl ether mixed solvate (1/0.53/0.38)

The title compound, C40H31NO11S·0.53CH2Cl2·0.38C4H10O, was synthesized in two steps from mannose penta­acetate and single crystals were grown by slow evaporation. The structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, confirming the α-configuration of the anomeric thioaryl substituent. The asymmetric unit contains two crystallographically distinct mol­ecules of the carbohydrate. The central pyran­ose rings of these are geometrically similar, but there are differences in the orientations of the benzoate substituents

Sulfonated 1,3-bis­(4-pyrid­yl)propane

In the title compound, 4-[3-(3-sulfonato­pyridin-1-ium-4-yl)prop­yl]pyridin-1-ium-3-sulfonate, C13H14N2O6S2, the mol­ecule is zwitterionic, with the sulfonic acid proton transfered to the basic pyridine N atom. Also, the structure adopts a butterfly-like conformation with the sulfonate groups on opposite sides of the ‘wings’. The dihedral angle between the two pyridinium rings is 83.56 (7)°, and this results in the mol­ecule having a chiral conformation and packing. There is strong inter­molecular hydrogen bonding between the pyridinium H and sulfonate O atoms of adjoining mol­ecules. In addition, there are weaker inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions